136. Many people argue that the death penalty deters murder. However, the notorious killer Ned Grandy deliberately moved to a state that imposes the death penalty just before embarking on a series of ferocious murders. Thus, it seems clear that the existence of the death penalty does not serve as a deterrent to murder.
The argument above may best be characterized as:
A.an appeal to emotion.
B.a flawed analogy.
C.a general conclusion based on a specific example.
D.circular reasoning.
E.an appligreion of a general principle to a specific example.
Ans : C
137. Steve and JoAnne are both members of a certain club, though they are not speaking to each other and refuse to work with each other. Cecily, the club president, is appointing members to the fundraising committee, but she has resolved that she will not appoint anyone without his or her explicit consent. Steve tells Cecily, "I will not consent to appointment on that committee unless I know whether JoAnne is to be a member of it." And JoAnne says, "I will not consent to be a member of that committee unless I know whether Steve will be appointed to it." If all three of these people stick by these resolutions, then:
A.Neither of them can be appointed to the committee.
B.The situation described in the scenario cannot arise, because it is inherently incoherent.
C.They must either both be appointed or both be left out.
D.The committee may finally have one of them, both of them, or neither of them as members.
E.Either one of them can be appointed, but not both.
Ans : E
138.Testifying before the Senate committee investigating charges that cigarette manufacturers had manipulated nicotine levels in cigarettes in order to addict consumers to their products, tobacco executives argued that is not addictive. The primary reason they gave in support of this claim was that cigarette smoking was not regulated by the Federal Drug Administration. For the tobacco executives' argument to be logically correct, which of the following must be assumed?
A.aSubstances that are not addictive are not regulated by ...........the Federal Drug Administration.
B.The tobacco executives lied when they claimed that ...........cigarette smoking was not addictive.
C.Some addictive substances are not regulated by the ...........Federal Drug Administration.
D.There is no scientific proof that cigarette smoking is ...........addictive.
E.Substances that are not regulated by the Federal Drug ...........Administration are not addictive.
Ans : E
139. Steve and JoAnne are both members of a certain club, though they are not speaking to each other and refuse to work with each other. Cecily, the club president, is appointing members to the fundraising committee, but she has resolved that she will not appoint anyone without his or her explicit consent. Steve tells Cecily, "I will not consent to appointment on that committee unless I know whether JoAnne is to be a member of it." And JoAnne says, "I will not consent to be a member of that committee unless I know whether Steve will be appointed to it." If all three of these people stick by these resolutions, then:
A.Neither of them can be appointed to the committee.
B.The situation described in the scenario cannot arise, because it is inherently incoherent.
C.They must either both be appointed or both be left out.
D.The committee may finally have one of them, both of them, or neither of them as members.
E.Either one of them can be appointed, but not both.
Ans : E
140.Russia's aggressive fishing in the prime fishing grounds of the Northern Pacific has led to a sharp decline in the populations of many fish and a general increase in the retail price of fish. This same pattern has occurred with far too many of our scarce vital natural resources, resulting in high prices for many products. It is likely then, that fish prices will continue to rise in the near future. In making the argument above, the author relies on all of the following assumptions EXCEPT:
A.The scarcity of fish is a determining factor in its price.
B.The decline in the number of fish available will result in higher prices for fish in stores.
C.There will not be any substantial decrease in other costs involved in the fishing process that could keep the price of fish from increasing.
D.Fish populations will not recover in the near future.
E.Fishing practices can substantially influence the demand for fish.
Ans : E
141. During the past year, Boz Corporation, a cigarette manufacturer, has engaged in a "corporate image" advertising campaign. One executive now urges that the advertising be extended for another year because profits have increased by 29% over the previous year. Another executive, however, is skeptical. She observes that the increases are typical for the industry over the past year, although none of their competitors have used corporate image advertising. The most accurate way of summarizing the second executive's point would be:
A.She argues that the effect may not really be due to its supposed cause because there has not been a sufficient lapse of time between the cause and the effect.
B.She argues that the assignment of a cause for this effect is premature, because there is as yet no well-established theory of such interactions.
C.She argues that corporate image advertising is unprofitable, since it has evidently benefited competitors as much as the corporation that paid for it.
D.She knows that effective advertising requires a constant influx of new ideas and approaches, and she argues that one year of corporate image advertising is enough for awhile.
E.She argues that the effect may not be due to its alleged cause since the same effect is found elsewhere without that cause.
Ans : E
142.Historically, famines have generally been followed by periods of rising wages, because when a labor force is diminished, workers are more valuable in accordance with the law of supply and demand. The Irish potato famine of the 1840s is an exception; it resulted in the death or emigration of half of Ireland's population, but there was no significant rise in the average wages in Ireland in the following decade. Which one of the following, if true, would LEAST contribute to an explanation of the exception to the generalization?
A.Improved medical care reduced the mortality rate among able-bodied adults in the decade following the famine to below prefamine levels.
B.Eviction policies of the landowners in Ireland were designed to force emigration of the elderly and infirm, who could not work, and to retain a high percentage of able-bodied workers.
C.Advances in technology increased the efficiency of industry and agriculture, and so allowed maintenance of economic output with less demand for labor.
D.The birth rate increased during the decade following the famine, and this compensated for much of the loss of population that was due to the famine.
E.England, which had political control of Ireland, legislated artificially low wages to provide English-owned industry and agriculture in Ireland with cheap labor.
Ans : D
143.Russia's aggressive fishing in the prime fishing grounds of the Northern Pacific has led to a sharp decline in the populations of many fish and a general increase in the retail price of fish. This same pattern has occurred with far too many of our scarce vital natural resources, resulting in high prices for many products. It is likely then, that fish prices will continue to rise in the near future.
In making the argument above, the author relies on all of the following assumptions EXCEPT:
A.The scarcity of fish is a determining factor in its price.
B.The decline in the number of fish available will result in higher prices for fish in stores.
C.There will not be any substantial decrease in other costs involved in the fishing process that could keep the price of fish from increasing.
D.Fish populations will not recover in the near future.
E.Fishing practices can substantially influence the demand for fish.
Ans : E
144.The senate candidate expressed outrage that few judges have any background in technology, yet they try to resolve cases involving high tech companies. He stated that not one federal judge has a degree or any experience in computer technology. A promising response to this concern, arguing that things are not as bad as they might seem, could involve which of the following claims?
A.Most of the public policy questions in this area are really about the morality and the value of scientific and technological developments. They do not require much technical understanding beyond that of a layperson.
B.Computer scientists, by and large, have little interest in politics and public policy. It would be difficult to find scientists with the degree of commitment required for a serious contribution to the judicial system.
C.There is a lack of people who are qualified in both technical and legal areas of expertise.
D.There is very little opportunity for, and indeed little need for, technical expertise in the judicial branch. There is therefore almost no way for a technical specialist to rise through the ranks to a top-level position in government.
E.The rewards of a life as a judge, in terms of both money and prestige, are not high enough to attract top-flight technical experts to this area.
Ans : A
145.During the past year, Boz Corporation, a cigarette manufacturer, has engaged in a "corporate image" advertising campaign. One executive now urges that the advertising be extended for another year because profits have increased by 29% over the previous year. Another executive, however, is skeptical. She observes that the increases are typical for the industry over the past year, although none of their competitors have used corporate image advertising.
The most accurate way of summarizing the second executive's point would be:
A.She argues that the effect may not really be due to its supposed cause because there has not been a sufficient lapse of time between the cause and the effect.
B.She argues that the assignment of a cause for this effect is premature, because there is as yet no well-established theory of such interactions.
C.She argues that corporate image advertising is unprofitable, since it has evidently benefited competitors as much as the corporation that paid for it.
D.She knows that effective advertising requires a constant influx of new ideas and approaches, and she argues that one year of corporate image advertising is enough for awhile.
E.She argues that the effect may not be due to its alleged cause since the same effect is found elsewhere without that cause.
Ans : E
146.The senate candidate expressed outrage that few judges have any background in technology, yet they try to resolve cases involving high tech companies. He stated that not one federal judge has a degree or any experience in computer technology. A promising response to this concern, arguing that things are not as bad as they might seem, could involve which of the following claims?
A.Most of the public policy questions in this area are really about the morality and the value of scientific and technological developments. They do not require much technical understanding beyond that of a layperson.
B.Computer scientists, by and large, have little interest in politics and public policy. It would be difficult to find scientists with the degree of commitment required for a serious contribution to the judicial system.
C.There is a lack of people who are qualified in both technical and legal areas of expertise.
D.There is very little opportunity for, and indeed little need for, technical expertise in the judicial branch. There is therefore almost no way for a technical specialist to rise through the ranks to a top-level position in government.
E.The rewards of a life as a judge, in terms of both money and prestige, are not high enough to attract top-flight technical experts to this area.
Ans : A
147. There has been a sharp increase in the subscription prices of many professional and scholarly journals in the past seven years. Many publishers ascribe the necessity for these increases to the easy availability of photocopying facilities, which enable people simply to copy the articles they want rather than buying the journal. Which of the following, if it is true, would make this explanation more plausible?
A.The great majority of professional and scholarly journals have a massive backlog of papers awaiting publication.
B.Over the past five years there has been a substantial decline in the number of individual subscriptions to professional and scholarly journals, while library subscriptions have remained fairly stable.
C.In the five years immediately preceding the price surge, there was a substantial decline in the number of individual subscriptions to professional and scholarly journals, while library subscriptions remained fairly stable.
D.Many libraries have recently begun cutting back on subscriptions to professional and scholarly journals.
E.In almost every field, several new professional and scholarly journals have begun publication in the past few years.
Ans : C
148. There has been a sharp increase in the subscription prices of many professional and scholarly journals in the past seven years. Many publishers ascribe the necessity for these increases to the easy availability of photocopying facilities, which enable people simply to copy the articles they want rather than buying the journal.
Which of the following, if it is true, would make this explanation more plausible?
A.The great majority of professional and scholarly journals have a massive backlog of papers awaiting publigreion.
B.Over the past five years there has been a substantial decline in the number of individual subscriptions to professional and scholarly journals, while library subscriptions have remained fairly stable.
C.In the five years immediately preceding the price surge, there was a substantial decline in the number of individual subscriptions to professional and scholarly journals, while library subscriptions remained fairly stable.
D.Many libraries have recently begun cutting back on subscriptions to professional and scholarly journals.
E.In almost every field, several new professional and scholarly journals have begun publigreion in the past few years.
Ans : C
149. Smoking in bed has long been the main cause of home fires. Despite a significant decline in cigarette smoking in the last two decades, there has been no comparable decline in the number of people killed in home fires.
Each one of the following statements, if true over the last two decades, helps to resolve the apparent discrepancy above EXCEPT:
A.Compared to other types of home fires, home fires caused by smoking in bed usually cause relatively little damage before they are extinguished.
B.Home fires caused by smoking in bed often break out after the home's occupants have fallen asleep.
C.Smokers who smoke in bed tend to be heavy smokers who are less likely to quit smoking than are smokers who do not smoke in bed.
D.An increasing number of people have been killed in home fires that started in the kitchen.
E.Population densities have increased, with the result that one home fire can cause more deaths than in previous decades.
Ans : B
150. Smoking in bed has long been the main cause of home fires. Despite a significant decline in cigeritte smoking in the last two decades, there has been no comparable decline in the number of people killed in home fires. Each one of the following statements, if true over the last two decades, helps to resolve the apparent discrepancy above EXCEPT:
A.Compared to other types of home fires, home fires caused by smoking in bed usually cause relatively little damage before they are extinguished.
B.Home fires caused by smoking in bed often break out after the home's occupants have fallen asleep.
C.Smokers who smoke in bed tend to be heavy smokers who are less likely to quit smoking than are smokers who do not smoke in bed.
D.An increasing number of people have been killed in home fires that started in the kitchen.
E.Population densities have increased, with the result that one home fire can cause more deaths than in previous decades.
Ans : B
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