Measurements: Methods of measurement, Measurement system, Classification of instruments, Definition
of accuracy, precision, resolution. Speed of response. Errors in measurement, classification of errors.
Loading effect due to shunt and series connected instruments.
Analog meter: General features, Construction, principle of operation and torque equation of moving coil,
moving iron, electrodynamometer, Induction, and Electrostatic type instruments. Principle of operation of
the thermoelectric, rectifier type instruments. Extension of instrument ranges using shunt, multipliers.
Instrument transformer: Disadvantages of shunt & multipliers, Advantages of Instrument Transformers,
Principle of operation of current & potential transformer, errors.
Measurement of resistance: measurement of medium resistance, low, and high resistances. Megger.
Potentiometers: Principle of operation and application of Crompton’s DC potentiometer, Polar and coordinate
type of AC potentiometers.
AC bridges: Measurement of inductances, capacitance and frequency by A.C bridges.
Measurement of power: Principle of operation of Electrodynamic & induction type wattmeter, wattmeter
errors.
Measurement of energy: Construction, theory and operation of AC energy meter, testing of Energy
meters.
Cathode Ray Oscilloscope: Measurement of voltage, current, frequency & phase by oscilloscope.
Frequency limitation of CRO. Sampling and storage oscilloscope. Double beam CRO.
Electronic instruments: Advantages of digital meters over analog meters, Digital voltmeter, Resolution
and sensitivity of digital meters, Digital multimeter, Digital frequency meter, signal generator.
Sensors & Transducers: Introduction to sensors & transducers, strain gauge, LVDT, temperature
transducers, Flow measurement using magnetic flow measurement.