1) Number System and Codes:
Decimal, binary, octal and hexadecimal number systems and their arithmetic operations; conversion of one number
system to another. Signed and floating point representations of binary numbers. 1’s complement and 2’s complement
representations.
Binary codes, natural BCD codes; weighted, non-weighted, sequential, self-complementing and cyclic codes;
Excess-3, Alphanumeric, EBCDIC and Gray codes; code conversion- from one code to another; error detection and
correction using parity and Hamming code.
2) Logic Gates and Boolean Algebra
Basic logic gates -NOT, AND, OR, NAND, NOR, XOR and XNOR –operations, truth tables and Venn diagram
representations; universal gates; commonly used 7400 series IC’s; standard and IEEE symbols of logic gates;
postulates and laws of Boolean algebra, De Morgan’s theorem; Canonical forms of expressions, minterms and
maxterms, SOP and POS forms.
3) Simplification of Logic Expressions
Simplification and minimization of logic expressions using Boolean algebra, K-maps, and Quinn McClusky
methods (up to 6 variables); use of don’t care terms.
4) Combinational and arithmetic logic circuits: multiplexers and demultiplexers and their cascading;
design with multiplexers; decoders and encoders, priority encoders, parity generator and checkers, comparators;
Arithmetic circuits- Half adder, Full adder and common adder /subtractor circuit using logic gates, multiplexers
and decoders; CLA adder. BCD adder and subtractor.
5) Memory and Programmable Logic Devices:
Memory elements; ROM in combinational logic circuits, RAM, EPROM, EEPROM, Flash ROM,DRAM,
SDRAM. Memory expansion; Programmable and gated array devices for designing combinational circuits-
PAL, PLA, PLD, CPLD, FPGA with examples.
6) Sequential Logic Circuits
Flip-flop as memory element; S-R, J-K, D and T type flip-flops and their conversions; master-slave configuration;
edge triggered and level triggered clock; registers; left, right, serial, parallel and universal shift registers;
synchronous and asynchronous counters; binary, modulo-N and arbitrary sequence counters; ring and Johnson
(twisted ring) counters.
7) Finite State Machines:
Brief introduction to finite automata theory; Moore, Mealy and Turing machine; state diagram, state variable, state
table and state minimization. design of state machines using combinational logic circuits and memories
8) Logic Families:
Evolution of logic families, TTL, ECL, MOS, CMOS and BiCMOS logic families - their properties and
comparison; TTL outputs, - totem pole, tri-state and open collector; TTL-CMOS interfacing
9) Analog- Digital Conversion
D/A conversion- R-2R ladder type, weighted resistor type, switched current type and switched capacitor type; A/D
conversion-counter type, flash type, tracking type, successive approximation type and dual-slope type.