Concepts and Terminology: Digital computer components Hardware & Software and their dual nature, Role of
Operating Systems (OS).
The ALU: ALU organization, Integer representation, Serial and Parallel Adders, is 1s and 2s complement arithmetic,
Multiplication of signed binary numbers, Floating point number arithmetic, Overflow detection, Status flags.
Memory Unit: Memory classification, Bipolar and MOS storage cells. Organization of RAM, address decoding,
Registers and stack, ROM and PROM-basic cell. Organization and erasing schemes, Magnetic memories-recording
formats and methods. Disk and tape Units. Concept of memory map. Timing diagrams, T-States, Timing diagram
Controlling arithmetic and logic instructions. Instruction sequencing with examples. Introduction to Microprogramming,
Variations in Micro-programming configuration.
General Organization: Instruction work formats, Addressing modes registers, Von-Neumann concept, Interconnecting
system components, Interfacing buses, Timing diagrams, Examples from popular machines.