1. Introduction:
Electrical energy sources, organization of power sector in India, single line diagram of thermal, hydro
and nuclear power stations.
2. Loads and Load curves:
Maximum demand, Group diversity factor, Peak diversity factor, Types of load, chronological load
curves, load-duration Curve, mass curves, load factor, capacity factor, utilization factor, base load and
peak load plants, load forecasting.
3. Power Plant Economics:
Capital cost of plants, annual fixed cost, operating costs and effect of load factor on cost of energy,
depreciation.
4. Tariffs and power factor improvement:
Objectives of tariff making, different types of tariff for domestic, commercial, agricultural and
industrial loads. Need for p.f. improvement, p.f. improvement using capacitors, determination of
economic p.f.
5. Selection of plant:
Plant location, plant size, no. and size of units in plants, economic comparison of alternatives , annual
cost , rate of return, present worth and capitalized cost methods.
6. Economic operation of steam plants:
Methods of loading turbo-generators, input- output curve, heat rate, incremental cost , method of
lagrangian multiplier, effect of transmission losses, co ordination equations, iterative procedure to
solve co-ordination equations.
7. Hydro-thermal co-ordination:
Advantages , combined working of run off river plant and steam plant , reservoir hydro plants and
thermal plants-long term operational aspects, scheduling methods.
8. Pollution and environmental problems:
Energy and environment, Air pollution, Aquatic impacts,nuclear plant and hydro plant impacts.
9. Cogeneration:
Definition and scope, Topping and Bottoming Cycles, Benefits, cogeneration technologies.