1. Sub-Station:
Types, Main equipment in Substation, substation layout, Busbar-arrangements.
2. Isolators & Fuses:
Isolating switches functions, Types, Rating and operation. Fuse-types, Rating, Selection, theory and
characteristics, applications.
3. Circuit Breakers:
Need for Circuit Breakers, Arc phenomenon, Theory of Arc Interruption, Recovery Voltage and
Restriking Voltage, Various Types of Circuit Breakers. Principles and Constructional Details of Air
Blast, Minimum Oil, SF6, Vacuum Circuit Breakers etc.
4. Protective Relays:
Introduction, classification, constructional features; and Characteristics of Electromagnetic, Induction,
Thermal, Overcurrent relays, Directional relays, Distance relays, Differential, Translay, Negative
sequence relay, introduction to static and up-based relays.
5. Protection of Feeders:
Time graded protection, Differential and Distance protection of feeders, choice between Impedance,
Reactance and Mho relays, Elementary idea about carrier current protection of lines.
6. Protection of Generators & Transformers:
Types of faults on alternator, Stator and rotor protection, Negative sequence protection, Loss of
excitation and overload protection.
Types of fault on transformers, percentage differential protection, Gas relays.
7. Protection against over voltage and earthing:
Ground wires, Rod gap, Impulse gap, Valve type and Metal Oxide Arresters, Line Arrester/Surge
Absorber. Ungrounded neutral system, Grounded neutral system and Selection of Neutral Grounding.