1. GENERAL ASPECTS
Construction & working principle of synchronous machines, Excitation systems, production of
sinusoidal E.M.F., flux & mmf phasors in syn. machines; cylindrical & salient pole rotors.
2. WINDINGS
Classification of windings, pitch factor, distribution factor.
E.M.F. equation.
3. ALTERNATORS
Construction, Phasor diagram of cylindrical rotor alternator, ratings, nature of armature reaction,
determination of synchronous reactance; open circuit characteristics, short ckt characterstics, short ckt
ratio, short ckt. loss. Effect of variation of power factor on voltage. Determination of voltage
regulation: EMF method, M.M.F. method. Z.P.F. method.
Alternator on infinite bus bar, operating characteristics, operation at constant load and variable
excitation, power flow through inductive impedance.
Power-angle characteristics of syn. machines:- cylindrical & salient pole. Two reaction theory of
salient pole machines, power factor control.
4. SYNCHRONOUS MOTORS
Operating characteristics, power-angle characteristics, conditions for maximum power developed .
V-curves and inverted V-curves, methods of starting, synchronous motors applications, synchronous
condensers.
5. PARALLEL OPERATION OF ALTERNATORS
Conditions for proper synchronizing for single phase and three phase alternators, conditions for
parallel operation, synchronizing power, current and torque, effect of increasing excitation of one of
the alternators, effect of change of speed of one of the alternators, effect of unequal voltages, load
sharing.
Hunting and damper windings.
6. TRANSIENTS
Transients Analysis, transient reactances & time constants from equivalent circuits, synchronous
machine reactances & their determination,Short ckt. Oscillogram,
Synchronisation with the grid system,
Qualitative introduction to the transient stability of the synchronous machines.
7. SINGLE PHASE SYNCHRONOUS MOTORS
Reluctance & Hysteresis motors.