Fundamental Concepts & Definitions: Thermodynamics; definition and
scope. Microscopic and Macroscopic approaches. Engineering
Thermodynamics Definition, some practical applications of engineering
thermodynamic. System (closed system) and Control Volume (open system);
Characteristics of system boundary and control surface, examples.
Thermodynamic properties; definition and units, intensive and extensive
properties. Thermodynamic state, state point, state diagram, path and process,
quasi-static process, cyclic and non-cyclic processes; Thermodynamic
equilibrium; definition, mechanical equilibrium; diathermic wall, thermal
equilibrium, chemical equilibrium- Zeroth law of thermodynamics,
Temperature; concepts, scales, measurement. Internal fixed points.
UNIT II
Work & Heat: Mechanics, definition of work and its limitations.
Thermodynamic definition of work; examples, sign convention.
Displacement work; at part of a system boundary, at whole of a system
boundary, expressions for displacement work in various processes through pv
diagrams. Shaft work; Electrical work. Other types of work. Heat;
definition, units and sign convention, what heat is not.
UNIT III
First Law of Thermodynamics: Joule’s experiments, equivalence of heat
and work. Statement of the First law of thermodynamics, extension of the
First law to non -cyclic processes, energy, energy as a property, modes of
energy, pure substance; definition, two-property rule, Specific heat at
constant volume, enthalpy, specific heat at constant pressure. Extension of
the First law to control volume; steady state-steady flow energy equation,
important applications, analysis of unsteady processes such as filling and
evacuation of vessels with and without heat transfer.
UNIT IV
Second Law of Thermodynamics: Devices converting heat to work; (a) in a
thermodynamic cycle, (b) in a mechanical cycle. Thermal reservoir. Direct
heat engine; schematic representation and efficiency. Devices converting
work to heat in a thermodynamic cycle; reversed heat engine, schematic
representation, coefficients of performance. Kelvin -Planck statement of the
Second law of Thermodynamic; PMM I and PMM1I. Clasiu's statement .of
Second law of Thermodynamic; Equivalence of the two statements;
Reversible and irreversible processes; factors that make a process
.irreversible, reversible heat engines, Carnot cycle, Carnot principles.
Thermodynamic temperature scale.
PART – B
UNIT V
Entropy: Clasiu’s inequality; statement, proof, application to a reversible
cycle. QR/T as independent of the path. Entropy; definition, a property,
principle of increase of entropy, entropy as a quantitative test for
irreversibility, calculation of entropy using Tds relations, entropy as a
coordinate. Available and unavailable energy.
UNIT VI
Availability and Irreversibility: - Maximum Work, maximum useful work
for a system and a control volume, availability of a system and a steadily
flowing stream, irreversibility. Second law efficiency.
UNIT VII
Pure substances: P-T and P-V diagrams, triple point and critical points. Subcooled
liquid, saturated liquid, mixture of saturated liquid and vapor,
saturated vapor and superheated vapour states of a pure substance with water
as example. Enthalpy of change of phase (Latent heat). Dryness factor
(quality), T-S and h-s diagrams, representation of various processes on these
diagrams. Steam tables and its use. Throttling calorimeter, separating and
throttling calorimeter.
UNIT VIII
Real and ideal gases: Introduction; Vander Waal's Equation Van der Waal's
constants in terms of critical properties, law of corresponding states,
compressibility factor; compressibility)" chart. Ideal gas; equation of state,
internal energy and enthalpy as functions of temperature only, universal and
particular gas constants, specific heats, perfect and semi-perfect gases.
Evaluation of heat, work, change in internal energy, enthalpy and entropy in
various quasi-static processes. Ideal gas mixture; Dalton's law of additive
pressures, Amagat's law of additive volumes, evaluation of properties.
Analysis of various processes.
REFERENCE
TEXT BOOKS:
H1. “Basic and Applied Thermodynamics” by P .K. Nag, Tata McGraw
Hill, 3rd Edi. 2002
2. “Thermodynamics an engineering approach”, by Yunus A. Cenegal
and Michael A. Boles. Tata McGraw hill Pub. 2002
Reference Books
1. Engineering Thermodynamics. By Rajput, Laxmi Publications pvt
ltd., 3rd Edi. 2007.
2. Engineering Thermodynamics by J.B. Jones and G.A.Hawkins, John
Wiley and Sons.
3. Thermo Dynamics by S.C.Gupta, Pearson Edu. Pvt. Ltd., 1st Ed. 2005.