Tacheometric systems - Tangential, stadia and subtense methods - Stadia systems - Horizontal and inclined sights - Vertical and normal staffing - Fixed and movable hairs - Stadia constants - Anallactic lens - Subtense bar.
CONTROL SURVEYING
Working from whole to part - Horizontal and vertical control methods - Triangulation - Signals - Base line - Instruments and accessores - Corrections - Satellite station - Reduction to centre - Trignometric levelling - Single and reciprocal observations - Modern trends – Bench marking
SURVEY ADJUSTMENTS
Errors - Sources, precautions and corrections - Classification of errors - True and most probable values - weighted observations - Method of equal shifts - Principle of least squares - Normal equation - Correlates - Level nets - Adjustment of simple triangulation networks.
ASTRONOMICAL SURVEYING
Celestial sphere - Astronomical terms and definitions - Motion of sun and stars - Apparent altitude and corrections - Celestial co-ordinate systems - Different time systems - use of Nautical almanac - Star constellations - calculations for azimuth of a line.
HYDROGRAPHIC AND ADVANCE SURVEYING
Hydrographic Surveying - Tides - MSL - Sounding methods - Location of soundings and methods - Three point problem - Strength of fix - Sextants and station pointer - River surveys - Measurement of current and discharge - Photogrammetry - Introduction – Basic concepts of Terrestial and aerial Photographs - Stereoscopy – Definition of Parallax. Electromagnetic distance measurement – Basic principles - Instruments – Trilateration. Basic concepts of Cartography and Cadastral surveying.
REFERENCE
Text Books
1. Bannister A. and Raymond S., Surveying, ELBS, Sixth Edition, 1992.
2. Punmia B.C., Surveying, Vols. I, II and III, Laxmi Publications, 1989.
3. Kanetkar T.P., Surveying and Levelling, Vols. I and II, United Book Corporation, Pune, 1994.
Reference Books
1. Clark D., Plane and Geodetic Surveying, Vols. I and II, C.B.S. Publishers and Distributors, Delhi, Sixth Edition, 1971.
2. James M.Anderson and Edward M.Mikhail, Introduction to Surveying, McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1985.
3. Wolf P.R., Elements of Photogrammetry, McGraw-Hill Book Company, Second Edition, 1986.
4. Robinson A.H., Sale R.D. Morrison J.L. and Muehrche P.C., Elements of Cartography, John Wiley and Sons, New York, Fifth Edition, 1984.
5. Heribert Kahmen and Wolfgang Faig, Surveying, Walter de Gruyter, 1995.